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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

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Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
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Regulation of Metabolism01:19

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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Metabolic Messengers: Thyroid Hormones.

Rohit A Sinha1, Paul M Yen2,3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. anthony.rohit@gmail.com.

Nature Metabolism
|April 26, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormones (THs) regulate mammalian development and metabolism. New thyromimetics offer therapeutic potential for metabolic disorders by targeting TH action and receptors.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (THs) are crucial regulators of mammalian development and metabolism, impacting key tissues like the brain, liver, muscle, heart, and adipose tissue.
  • Dysregulation of TH synthesis, transport, metabolism, or action is linked to various genetic and endocrine diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical understanding of thyroid hormone action.
  • To explore the physiological and pathophysiological effects of THs on metabolism.
  • To discuss future therapeutic applications of THs and thyromimetics for metabolic dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on thyroid hormone action and metabolic disorders.
  • Analysis of recent advances in thyromimetic development.
  • Synthesis of historical and current perspectives on THs in metabolism.

Main Results:

  • THs play a vital role in regulating mammalian metabolism.
  • Defects in the TH pathway are associated with significant human diseases.
  • Thyroid hormone receptor isoform-targeted thyromimetics show promise for treating metabolic diseases like hypercholesterolemia and NAFLD.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of TH action is crucial for developing effective therapies.
  • Targeted thyromimetics represent a promising therapeutic strategy for metabolic disorders.
  • Future research holds potential for translating TH knowledge into clinical applications for metabolic dysfunction.