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Related Concept Videos

CNS Stimulants: Cocaine, Amphetamines and Cannabinoids01:24

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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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Neuromodulation for Cannabis Use: A Scoping Review.

Anthony Ngoy1,2, Victor M Tang3,4,5,6,7, Kebin Xiao1,2

  • 1Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada.

Brain Sciences
|April 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromodulation, like Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), may alter brain activity in cannabis users, potentially reducing use with multiple sessions. However, effects on craving and significant use reduction require further investigation.

Keywords:
cannabis usedeep brain stimulationneuromodulationtranscranial direct current stimulationtranscranial magnetic stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Addiction Medicine
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cannabis use disorder is a significant public health concern.
  • Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of cannabis use is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Neuromodulation techniques offer potential avenues for intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current literature on neuromodulation techniques in individuals with cannabis use.
  • To investigate whether cannabis use impacts cortical excitation and inhibition relevant to neuromodulation.
  • To assess the effects of neuromodulation on cannabis craving and use patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of PubMed, OVID Medline, and PsycINFO databases.
  • Inclusion of studies investigating neuromodulation (TMS, tDCS) in cannabis users.
  • Analysis of findings related to cortical excitability, inhibition, craving, and use patterns.

Main Results:

  • Eight studies utilized Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), and two used Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS).
  • TMS findings suggest reduced cortical inhibition (decreased short interval intracortical inhibition) in cannabis users.
  • Multiple TMS sessions showed a trend towards reduced cannabis use, but lacked statistical significance; results for craving and tDCS effects were mixed.

Conclusions:

  • Cannabis use may be associated with altered cortical inhibition, particularly in short-interval intracortical inhibition.
  • Current evidence on the efficacy of neuromodulation for reducing cannabis craving and use is limited and often contradictory.
  • Further research with larger sample sizes and varied neuromodulation protocols is warranted.