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Related Concept Videos

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview01:13

Five-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds: Overview

Heterocyclic aromatic compounds are cyclic compounds that are aromatic and have one or more heteroatoms—atoms other than carbon, in the ring. Depending upon the number of atoms present in the ring, they can be either five or six-membered. Examples of five-membered heterocyclic aromatic compounds include pyrrole, furan, thiophene, and imidazole. Pyrrole consists of one nitrogen atom having one lone pair of electrons. Furan and thiophene have one oxygen and one sulfur heteroatom, respectively.
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview

Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
Removing one hydrogen from the intervening CH2 group with both...
Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:16

Adrenergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Adrenergic agonists' structure-activity relationship (SAR) determines their selectivity and efficacy. These agonists comprise a phenylethylamine moiety with an aromatic ring and an ethylamine side chain.
Aromatic ring substitutions: Substituting the aromatic ring with –OH groups at positions 3 and 4 yields catecholamines (e.g., epinephrine), which have a high affinity for adrenoceptors. Hydrogen bonding between –OH groups and receptors enhances adrenergic activity.
Separation of the aromatic...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems01:19

Phase I Reactions: Oxidation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Carbon-Containing Systems

Phase I biotransformation reactions are integral to drug metabolism, predominantly involving oxidative, reductive, and hydrolytic transformations. Chief among these are oxidative reactions, which enhance the hydrophilicity of xenobiotics and introduce polar functional groups to facilitate their elimination from the body.
Oxidation reactions are fundamental in aromatic carbon-containing systems. An example is the hydroxylation of phenobarbital, a process that transforms it into...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Syntheses, Crystallization, and Spectroscopic Characterization of 3,5-Lutidine N-Oxide Dehydrate
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α-Pyrrolidinohexanophenone (α-PHP) and α-Pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone (α-PiHP): A Review.

Pedro Dinis1, João Franco1, Cláudia Margalho1

  • 1Laboratory of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, National Institute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences, I.P.-Centre Branch, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde (Pólo III)-Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New Psychoactive Substances like α-PHP and α-PiHP pose global health risks. This review covers their legislative, chemical, toxicological, and analytical aspects to aid forensic toxicology challenges.

Keywords:
NPSforensic toxicologyα-PHPα-PiHP

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Toxicology
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) represent a growing global public health concern, with 1184 identified by 2022.
  • α-pyrrolidinohexanophenone (α-PHP) and α-pyrrolidinoisohexanophenone (α-PiHP) are synthetic cathinones and positional isomers, emerging in 2014 and 2016 respectively.
  • Both substances are internationally controlled psychotropic substances with no medical use, primarily abused for recreational purposes, leading to severe health consequences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the legislative, physicochemical, toxicological, and analytical characteristics of α-PHP and α-PiHP.
  • To highlight the challenges these New Psychoactive Substances present to forensic toxicology.
  • To inform the development of enhanced detection methods and legislation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of legislative status, chemical properties, toxicological data, and analytical detection methods for α-PHP and α-PiHP.
  • Analysis of reported adverse effects and fatalities associated with these synthetic cathinones.
  • Examination of geographical prevalence, particularly in Portugal.

Main Results:

  • α-PHP and α-PiHP are easily synthesized and modified, posing challenges for regulatory control.
  • Frequent adverse effects include cardiac, psychiatric, and neurological issues, with documented fatal intoxications.
  • Consumption and seizures are notably prevalent in Portuguese archipelagos, exacerbating local health crises.

Conclusions:

  • α-PHP and α-PiHP are significant threats in forensic toxicology due to their accessibility and abuse potential.
  • There is a critical need for advanced analytical techniques for their detection and robust legislative frameworks.
  • Continued research is essential to mitigate the public health impact of these and similar emerging substances.