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Author Spotlight: Exploring the Role of Inflammation in the Co-occurrence of Primary Sjogren's Syndrome and Lung Adenocarcinoma

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Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Long COVID: A Mixed Method Systematic Review.

Nawar Diar Bakerly^1,2, Nikki Smith³, Julie L Darbyshire⁴

¹Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK.

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

|April 27, 2024

Summary

Long COVID involves multiple organ systems and symptoms driven by various mechanisms like immune dysregulation and impaired gas exchange. A "treatable trait" approach may personalize interventions for this complex global health issue.

Keywords:

brain fog fatigue long COVID pathophysiology post COVID syndrome treatable trait

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Experimental Model to Evaluate Resolution of Pneumonia

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Published on: February 17, 2023

Area of Science:

Medical Research
Public Health
Immunology

Background:

Long COVID (LC) is a significant global health challenge impacting over 70 million individuals worldwide.
Diverse symptoms of LC are increasingly linked to distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effective clinical management and identifying therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and synthesize evidence on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying Long COVID symptoms.
To explore the relationships between identified mechanisms and clinical presentations of Long COVID.
To inform the development of targeted treatment strategies for Long COVID.

Main Methods:

A two-stage mixed-methods systematic review was conducted.
Stage one involved a meta-review of existing systematic reviews; Stage two reviewed primary studies.
Studies were identified across major databases (Medline, Embase, Emcare, CINAHL) and assessed for quality.

Main Results:

Immune system dysregulation, cerebral hypoperfusion, and impaired lung gas transfer showed strong evidence as LC mechanisms.
Endothelial damage, hypercoagulation, mast cell activation, and autoimmunity to vascular receptors had moderate to weak evidence.
Reporting quality in primary studies was generally moderate to poor.

Conclusions:

Long COVID is a complex, multi-organ condition with diverse presentations driven by multiple pathophysiological mechanisms.
A 'treatable trait' approach is proposed to stratify patients and guide targeted interventions.
Future research should focus on intervention responses based on these mechanism-based traits.