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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Oogenesis02:07

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Meiosis II01:57

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Establishment of an Experimental Mouse Model of Endometrioma to Study its Related Infertility
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Isthmocele and Infertility.

Giorgio Maria Baldini1,2, Dario Lot1, Antonio Malvasi2

  • 1MOMO' FertiLIFE, IVF Clinic, 76011 Bisceglie, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|April 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Isthmocele, a uterine scar defect after cesarean, can affect fertility. Surgical correction is not always needed for asymptomatic women, but residual myometrial thickness guides treatment choice.

Keywords:
ICSIIVFcesarean scar defecthysteroscopyinfertilityisthmoceleniche

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Area of Science:

  • Gynecology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Surgical Anatomy

Background:

  • Isthmocele is a uterine scar defect linked to cesarean sections.
  • This condition may negatively impact female quality of life and fertility.
  • Incidence ranges from 20% to 70% in women with prior cesarean delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impact of isthmocele on fertility.
  • To summarize therapeutic strategies for achieving pregnancy in affected women.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current knowledge on isthmocele and fertility.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and treatment approaches.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for surgical correction in asymptomatic patients is currently insufficient.
  • Residual myometrial thickness (RMT) is a key factor in treatment decisions.
  • Hysteroscopy is preferred for RMT >2.5-3 mm; other approaches for thinner myometrium.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment for isthmocele should be individualized based on fertility goals and RMT.
  • Further research is needed to establish definitive guidelines for surgical intervention.
  • Tailored surgical approaches, including hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, or laparotomy, are available.