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Related Concept Videos

Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Parkinson's Disease: Treatment01:24

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Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's Disease (PD), involve the gradual and irreversible destruction of neurons in particular brain areas. These disorders exhibit standard features like proteinopathies, selective vulnerability of some neurons, and an interaction of intrinsic properties, genetics, and environmental influences in neural injury.
Parkinson's Disease is primarily a result of the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The cornerstone of...
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease
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Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

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DNA Damage and Parkinson's Disease.

Gerd P Pfeifer1

  • 1Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 27, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Oxidative stress from mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) may kill neurons. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage long, neuron-specific genes, causing transcription stress and cell death.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The causes of most sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) cases remain unknown, though environmental factors and mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated.
  • Mitochondrial toxins and familial PD genes highlight the role of mitochondria in the disease.
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in neuronal damage, but the precise mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel mechanism for neuron-specific cell death in Parkinson's disease.
  • To elucidate how mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS contribute to dopaminergic neuron loss.
  • To investigate the role of oxidative DNA damage in long, neuron-specific genes.

Main Methods:

  • The study proposes a theoretical mechanism based on existing literature.
Keywords:
DNA damageDNA repairParkinson’s diseasemitochondriamutationstranscription

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  • It integrates knowledge of mitochondrial toxins, ROS production, and DNA repair pathways.
  • It focuses on the impact of oxidative DNA damage on transcription and mutagenesis in neurons.

    • Main Results:

    • Mitochondrial dysfunction and dopamine metabolism generate ROS in dopaminergic neurons.
    • ROS cause oxidative DNA damage, such as 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), in nuclear DNA.
    • This damage leads to transcription stress and mutagenesis in long, neuron-specific genes.

    Conclusions:

    • Impaired transcription and mutagenesis of critical neuronal genes result in loss of neuronal integrity.
    • This mechanism provides a potential explanation for the specificity of neuronal death in Parkinson's disease.
    • Understanding this pathway may offer new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative diseases.