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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Oral Biofilm Formation on Different Materials for Dental Implants
Published on: June 24, 2018
Jesse R Ingham1, George L Donati1, Liliya Douvris2
1Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Salem Hall, Box 7486, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA.
Commercial mouthguards may leach toxic trace elements like cadmium, copper, and lead. One sample showed copper levels 109 times over safe limits, indicating potential health risks from these dental devices.
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