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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

The Bone Matrix

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants
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Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants

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Cartilage Injuries: Basic Science Update.

Albert T Anastasio1, Samuel B Adams1

  • 1Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Health System, 311 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Foot and Ankle Clinics
|April 28, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advancements in understanding chondral disease and arthritis progression offer new therapeutic strategies. Innovations in stem cell therapy and orthobiologics show promise for treating chondral injuries in the foot and ankle.

Keywords:
ACIBasic scienceBone marrow stimulationCartilage lesionsChondral injuryMicrofractureOCDOsteochondral lesions

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Regenerative Medicine
  • Biomolecular Pathways
  • Arthritis Research

Background:

  • Significant progress in understanding biomolecular pathways of chondral disease and arthritis over recent decades.
  • Focus on foot and ankle specific treatments for chondral injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel developments in understanding molecular pathways of chondral damage.
  • To summarize recent advancements in therapeutics for chondral injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of biomolecular pathways and therapeutic strategies.
  • Focus on stem cell modification, bone marrow stimulation, and scaffold improvements.

Main Results:

  • Identification of key molecular pathways in chondral disease progression.
  • Highlighting promising therapeutic advancements including genetic stem cell modification, enhanced bone marrow stimulation, and improved orthobiologic delivery scaffolds.
  • Emphasis on potential improvements for foot and ankle chondral injuries.

Conclusions:

  • Continued research into biomolecular pathways is crucial for advancing chondral disease treatment.
  • Emerging orthobiologic and regenerative medicine techniques offer significant potential for treating chondral injuries.
  • Future treatments may focus on personalized and targeted regenerative approaches for arthritis.