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Transfer RNA Synthesis02:36

Transfer RNA Synthesis

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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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RNA Interference in Aquatic Beetles as a Powerful Tool for Manipulating Gene Expression at Specific Developmental Time Points
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Assembling the RNA therapeutics toolbox.

Mona Teng1,2, Ziting Judy Xia2, Nicholas Lo2

  • 1Department of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.

Medical Review (2021)
|April 29, 2024
PubMed
Summary

RNA therapeutics are revolutionizing drug development, utilizing diverse RNA technologies like mRNA and siRNA. This review details current FDA-approved treatments and emerging tools for various therapeutic applications.

Keywords:
RNA therapeuticschemical modificationsdelivery of nucleic acids

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • RNA therapeutics have gained prominence, evidenced by COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and Nobel Prize-winning nucleoside modifications.
  • The field encompasses treatments using RNA as a therapeutic component or targeting RNA for desired effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest advancements in RNA-targeting tools and RNA-based technologies.
  • To summarize FDA-approved RNA therapeutics, their mechanisms, and discuss future directions.
  • To highlight the synergy between RNA technologies, chemical modifications, and delivery platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on RNA-targeting tools and RNA-based technologies.
  • Analysis of mechanisms of FDA-approved RNA therapeutics.
  • Discussion of emerging RNA technologies, chemical modifications, and delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • Summary of RNA therapeutics categorized by mechanism and therapeutic effect (e.g., protein expression, RNA degradation, gene modulation, RNA editing).
  • Overview of key RNA technologies including mRNA, antisense oligonucleotides, siRNAs, small molecules, and RNA editors.
  • Emphasis on the critical role of chemical modifications and delivery platforms in enabling clinical utility.

Conclusions:

  • RNA therapeutics offer a versatile "toolbox" for researchers and clinicians.
  • Continued advancements in RNA technologies, modifications, and delivery are expanding therapeutic possibilities.
  • Tailored development of RNA-based therapeutics is crucial for addressing specific clinical challenges.