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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Fragments derived from non-coding RNAs: how complex is genome regulation?

Miguel Ángel Velázquez-Flores1, Ruth Ruiz Esparza-Garrido2

  • 1Laboratorio de RNAs No Codificantes de la Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Hospital de Pediatría del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), CDMX, México.

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The human genome produces numerous non-coding RNA fragments with diverse cellular functions. This review analyzes their structure, biogenesis, and roles, questioning their apparent redundancy.

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Piwi-interacting RNAsaptamerbiogenic pathwaymicroRNAnon-coding RNA fragmentsnon-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • The human genome is highly dynamic, with most of it transcribed into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs).
  • ncRNA fragments are generated under specific cellular conditions, exhibiting novel mechanisms of action.
  • These fragments sometimes converge with pathways of microRNAs and Piwi-interacting RNAs, raising questions about functional redundancy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze current information on non-coding RNA fragments.
  • To describe the structure and biogenic pathways of these ncRNA fragments.
  • To emphasize the cellular functions of non-coding RNA fragments.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and analysis of existing data on non-coding RNA fragments.
  • Examination of structural and biogenic aspects of ncRNA fragments.
  • Focus on the functional roles of ncRNA fragments in cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Non-coding RNA fragments possess diverse structures and biogenic origins.
  • These fragments can function similarly to aptamers, with conformation dictating function.
  • Their actions reveal unexpected mechanisms, sometimes overlapping with known small RNA pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Non-coding RNA fragments play significant roles in cellular functions.
  • The apparent redundancy in ncRNA fragment functions warrants further investigation.
  • Understanding ncRNA fragment structure and biogenesis is crucial for elucidating their cellular roles.