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Related Concept Videos

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters01:28

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Pharmaceutical Parameters

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Solid dosage forms such as tablets and capsules undergo rigorous manufacturing processes to ensure stability and effectiveness. Their dissolution and absorption properties are influenced significantly by the choice of excipients (inactive ingredients that serve various roles in the formulation), and the methodology applied during production. The manufacturing parameters, such as compression force and granulation techniques, significantly affect dissolution rates. Elevated compression forces...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

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Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Protein Kinase C-delta Inhibitor Peptide Formulation using Gold Nanoparticles
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Formulation Optimization and Characterization of Tizanidine Hydrochloride-loaded Gold Nanoparticles Using Quality by

Milind Dharmraj Kamble1, Mahesh Gaikwad2, Rajendra Marathe3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics & Biopharmaceutics, Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Aurangabad, Gut No. 258, Behind SRPF Camp, Satara Parisar Aurangabad, India.

Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology
|April 30, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study optimized tizanidine hydrochloride-loaded gold nanoparticles (TZN-GNPs) for enhanced drug delivery. The developed TZN-GNPs show high drug entrapment and controlled release, indicating potential for improved cancer therapeutics.

Keywords:
Gold nanoparticlesentrapment efficiencymicrowave synthesizerpolydispersityquality by designtizanidine

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmaceutical Sciences

Background:

  • Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are widely used in cancer biologics as drug carriers and for sensitive imaging.
  • GNPs improve drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize tizanidine hydrochloride (TZN)-biodegradable gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using a microwave synthesizer.
  • To optimize the formulation using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach.

Main Methods:

  • A 3^2 factorial design was employed to optimize nanoparticle formulation.
  • Independent factors included temperature and gold salt concentration; responses were particle size, entrapment efficiency, and polydispersity index.

Main Results:

  • Optimized TZN-GNPs (TGN8) exhibited a particle size of 195 ± 1.2 nm, entrapment efficiency of 99.0 ± 2.9%, and a polydispersity index of 0.2.
  • Atomic Force Microscopy confirmed spherical particle morphology.
  • In vitro release showed 62.1% TZN release in simulated gastric buffer (pH 1.2) and 45.5% in physiological buffer (pH 7.4).

Conclusions:

  • Optimal formulation conditions for TZN-loaded GNPs were identified.
  • The study successfully demonstrated the effect of independent variables on nanoparticle characteristics and drug release.