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Related Concept Videos

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

2.0K
Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the difference between the molecular mass. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
1.1K
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

1.1K
The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
1.1K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
973
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution

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This lesson illustrates the role of deuterium substitution in simplifying the NMR spectrum of compounds comprising labile protons. One method employed is the use of deuterium. Amongst the three isotopes of hydrogen, deuterium (2H) has a nucleus composed of one proton and one neutron. When the D2O solvent is added to a pure dry ethanol solution, its labile proton is substituted with deuterium.
886
Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

8.6K
In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing...
8.6K

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Design and Operation of a Continuous 13C and 15N Labeling Chamber for Uniform or Differential, Metabolic and Structural, Plant Isotope Labeling
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Isotope Distribution Analysis in H₂18O Pulse-Labeled Trees Frozen with Liquid Nitrogen.

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This study tracked water movement in Salix plants using H2 18O tracers. A new sample preparation method improved accuracy, showing tracer concentration decreased with height in plant xylem.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant physiology
  • Ecohydrology
  • Plant water transport

Background:

  • Isotope tracers are valuable for studying tree hydraulics and water transport.
  • Existing methods for analyzing water in wet tissues have limitations in sample preparation.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand water movement and distribution in trees.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the axial distribution of H2 18O tracer in the xylem of Salix gracilistyla.
  • To develop and validate a novel method for preparing frozen wet tissue samples for isotopic analysis.
  • To investigate the efficacy of combining isotopic labeling with freezing and stabilization techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Introduced H2 18O tracer into hydroponically grown Salix gracilistyla (roots, stems, leaves).
  • Developed a new method for preparing frozen wet tissue samples, ensuring minimal water loss (<0.6%).
  • Analyzed the isotopic ratio of water in prepared samples to determine tracer concentration and distribution.

Main Results:

  • All analyzed Salix samples showed a consistent decline in tracer concentration with increasing height.
  • Three out of five samples exhibited a significant isotope gradient along the plant axis.
  • The novel sample preparation technique demonstrated high repeatability and success rates.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of isotopic labeling with freezing, stabilization, and preparation techniques is effective and practical for studying water transport.
  • The developed methods have the potential for broad application beyond woody plants in plant physiology and ecohydrology.