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Three-Dimensional Printing of Ultrasoft Silicone with a Functional Stiffness Gradient.

Clayton A Young1, MeiLi O'Bannon1, Scott L Thomson1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA.

3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing
|May 1, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a 3D printing method for ultrasoft silicone with tunable stiffness gradients. This technique enables precise control over material properties for advanced biomechanical models, including vocal fold research.

Keywords:
biomechanical modelingfunctional stiffness gradientfunctionally graded 3D printingmulti-material printingsilicone 3D printingultrasoft 3D printing

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Creating materials with spatially varying mechanical properties is crucial for replicating complex biological tissues.
  • Existing methods for fabricating soft materials with stiffness gradients often lack precision or versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel 3D printing methodology for fabricating ultrasoft silicone with a functional stiffness gradient.
  • To demonstrate the capability of this method for creating functional biomechanical models.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two independently controlled extruders depositing different ultraviolet-cure silicone formulations.
  • Employed a thixotropic silicone oil-based support matrix for precise material deposition.
  • Varied extrusion rates during printing to achieve localized control over silicone ratios and stiffness.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a stiffness variation exceeding a factor of 20, with elastic modulus ranging from 1.11 to 27.1 kPa.
  • Successfully fabricated synthetic vocal fold models exhibiting realistic vibratory characteristics under phonatory flow.
  • Demonstrated visual and quantifiable characterization of printed stiffness gradients via indentation testing.

Conclusions:

  • The presented 3D printing method enables the fabrication of ultrasoft silicone with controlled stiffness gradients.
  • This technique holds significant potential for advancing the development of sophisticated biomechanical models for voice production and other soft tissue applications.