The Tumor Microenvironment
Tumor Immunotherapy
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
Published on: November 28, 2019
Wuyi Liu1, Huyue Zhou1, Wenjing Lai1
1Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Road, Shapingba, Chongqing, China.
Cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) shows promise, but many patients still don't respond. This review explores immune inhibitory factors in the tumor microenvironment to improve ICI therapy effectiveness.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: