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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communications
    • Signal processing

    Background:

    • Symbol-level power profile estimation (PPE) offers reduced complexity over waveform-level PPE.
    • However, symbol-rate data lacks inter-sample interaction information, causing absolute power estimation inaccuracies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze the discrepancies between symbol-level and waveform-level perturbation matrices.
    • To propose an accurate symbol-level PPE method using matrix calibration.

    Main Methods:

    • In-depth analysis of symbol-level vs. waveform-level perturbation matrices.
    • Development of a power calibration technique utilizing the trace of the inverse matrix.

    Main Results:

    • Evaluated on probabilistic constellation shaping (PCS) 64QAM 130 Gbaud links (5 × 50 km).
    • Matrix calibration reduced root mean squared error (RMSE) by 0.98 dB at EDFA positions.
    • RMSE decreased by 0.62 dB across all estimated positions.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed matrix calibration method significantly enhances the accuracy of symbol-level PPE.
    • This technique addresses the limitations of symbol-rate data in power estimation for optical systems.