Smoking-Related Interstitial Lung Disease: Historical Perspective and Advances in the Twenty-first Century

In the twenty- first century, there is widespread agreement that in addition to lung cancer, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, cigarette smoking causes accumulation of pigmented macrophages, interstitial fibrosis, and Langerhans cell proliferation in various permutations. These histologic changes remain subclinical in some patients and produce clinical manifestations and imaging abnormalities in others. Debate surrounds terminology of these lesions, which are often grouped together under the umbrella of "smoking-related interstitial lung disease." This review summarizes modern concepts in our understanding of these abnormalities and explains how the recognition of smoking-related interstitial fibrosis has advanced the field.