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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

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Evaluating a river's ecological health: A multidimensional approach.

Qiuyun Zhao1, Yangyang Zhang1, Xiuwen Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.

Environmental Science and Ecotechnology
|May 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Traditional water quality assessments overlook biodiversity. This study integrates chemical and biological metrics for a comprehensive ecological health evaluation of the lower Yangtze River, revealing risks from emerging contaminants and highlighting the need for a multidimensional approach.

Keywords:
Biological integrityEcological riskHigh-risk emerging contaminantsPlanktonThe lower reaches of the Yangtze River

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Water Quality Assessment

Background:

  • River surface water health is critical for ecosystems and human use, but traditional Water Quality Index (WQI) metrics are insufficient.
  • Existing WQI fails to incorporate biodiversity and fully assess ecological river health, necessitating advanced evaluation methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive ecological health assessment of lower Yangtze River (LYR) surface water.
  • To integrate chemical and biological metrics, including emerging contaminants and a plankton-based index of biological integrity (P-IBI), for a more robust evaluation.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed chemical parameters and identified 43 high-risk emerging contaminants in LYR surface water.
  • Quantified concentrations of nitrobenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
  • Assessed ecological health using the plankton-based index of biological integrity (P-IBI) across different seasons.

Main Results:

  • While LYR water met China's Class II standards by traditional WQI, it contained significant emerging contaminants, with nitrobenzenes dominant by concentration and PAHs by risk.
  • The P-IBI classified 59.7% of LYR water samples as 'fair' ecological health.
  • Water quality and ecological health were significantly better in autumn compared to other seasons (p < 0.01).

Conclusions:

  • A multidimensional assessment integrating emerging contaminants and P-IBI enhances traditional WQI for evaluating river ecological health.
  • Improvements in LYR's ecological health require focusing on emerging contaminants and biodiversity, not just conventional indicators.
  • Seasonal variations significantly impact river health, emphasizing the need for time-sensitive monitoring.