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Related Concept Videos

Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

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Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation
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Infrared neuromodulation-a review.

Michelle Y Sander1,2,3,4,5, Xuedong Zhu2,4,5

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, 8 Saint Mary's Street, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America.

Reports on Progress in Physics. Physical Society (Great Britain)
|May 3, 2024
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Summary

Infrared neuromodulation (INM) offers a non-invasive way to control nerve and muscle activity using pulsed light. This review covers INM

Keywords:
infrared nerve inhibitioninfrared nerve stimulationinfrared neuromodulationneuronal excitabilityphotothermal effectsynaptic transmissiontemperature measurement

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Infrared neuromodulation (INM) is an emerging technique for controlling neural and muscular functions non-invasively.
  • While efficacy and safety are established, underlying cellular and biophysical mechanisms require further investigation.
  • Recent focus includes IR nerve inhibition, expanding INM's therapeutic potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current research progress in infrared neuromodulation (INM).
  • To summarize biophysical mechanisms, particularly for IR nerve stimulation and inhibition.
  • To discuss temperature monitoring, simulation models, applications, limitations, and future directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of INM studies.
  • Analysis of biophysical mechanisms, focusing on thermal effects.
  • Discussion of temperature monitoring techniques and simulation models.
  • Exploration of potential applications and challenges.

Main Results:

  • INM utilizes pulsed IR light for reversible neuromodulation without genetic or chemical modification.
  • Primary mechanisms involve spatiotemporal thermal transients from IR light absorption by water and tissue.
  • Recent research highlights IR nerve inhibition as a key development.

Conclusions:

  • INM is a promising non-invasive neuromodulation technology.
  • Understanding thermal biophysics is crucial for INM.
  • Further research is needed to address limitations and advance translational applications.