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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Enhanced Northern Blot Detection of Small RNA Species in Drosophila Melanogaster
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Noncoding RNAs: Emerging regulators of behavioral complexity.

Sanovar Dayal1,2, Divya Chaubey1,2, Dheeraj Chandra Joshi1,2

  • 1CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), New Delhi, India.

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. RNA
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate gene expression, influencing complex behaviors. These regulatory RNAs play roles in neurodevelopment and can be modulated by environmental factors, impacting organismal traits.

Keywords:
behaviorlncRNAslong noncoding RNAmodel organismnoncoding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian genomes encode thousands of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • ncRNAs provide a layer of gene regulation potentially explaining phenotypic complexity without increasing protein-coding genes.
  • ncRNAs, despite low conservation and restricted expression, may directly regulate gene expression at multiple levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose that ncRNAs significantly influence behavior through direct gene regulation.
  • To explore the role of ncRNAs in neurodevelopment and their long-term behavioral effects, especially in response to environmental cues.
  • To highlight the necessity of integrating lab-based studies with field observations for a comprehensive understanding of ncRNAs in behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ncRNA function and behavior.
  • Discussion of proposed mechanisms by which lncRNAs affect behavior (e.g., miRNA sponging, chromatin modification, alternative splicing).
  • Emphasis on comparative genomics and transcriptomics for merging model and non-model organism studies.

Main Results:

  • ncRNAs can directly regulate gene expression transcriptionally, post-transcriptionally, or translationally.
  • lncRNAs impact behavior via mechanisms such as sponging miRNAs, recruiting chromatin modifiers, and regulating alternative splicing.
  • Environmental factors like stress and seasonal changes can influence ncRNA-mediated behavioral changes.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are crucial regulators of complex behavioral traits.
  • Integrating diverse research approaches, including field and lab studies, is essential for understanding ncRNA functions in behavior.
  • Further research is needed to resolve technical challenges and fully elucidate the role of ncRNAs in behavior.