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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Direct Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy of Extracellular Vesicles in Three Dimensions
Published on: August 26, 2021
Biogenesis of extracellular vesicles from the pathogen perspective: Transkingdom strategies for delivering messages
Alicia Rojas1, Neta Regev-Rudzki2
1Laboratory of Helminthology, Faculty of Microbiology, University of Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales, University of Costa Rica, San José, 11501-2060, Costa Rica.
Abstract:
EVs are nanoparticles enclosing proteins, nucleic acids and lipids released by cells and are essential for their metabolism and useful for intercellular communication. The importance of EVs has been highlighted by their use as biomarkers or as vaccine antigens. The release of vesicles is exploited by a wide range of organisms: from unicellular bacteria or protozoa to multicellular prokaryotes like fungi, helminths and arthropods. The mechanisms elucidated to date in each biological group are presented, as well as a discussion of interesting directions for future EV studies.
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