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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

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Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome/Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome: An Ecological View of Non-Pharmacologic

Ashlea D Cardin1

  • 1Missouri State University, 901 S. National Avenue, OCHS 203H, Springfield, MO 65897, USA.

Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America
|May 5, 2024
PubMed

Insights

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS), or Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS), impacts infant feeding and attachment. Non-pharmacologic interventions, guided by the Ecology of Human Performance model, can help manage these critical early-life challenges.

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal care
  • Pediatric pharmacology
  • Developmental psychology

Background:

  • Rising incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) and Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome (NOWS).
  • NAS/NOWS symptoms emerge early, impacting crucial infant development periods for feeding, nourishment, and attachment.
  • Feeding dysfunction is a common challenge in infants with NAS/NOWS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore non-pharmacologic interventions for NAS/NOWS.
  • To provide a structured framework for examining feeding disorders in NAS/NOWS infants.
  • To inform critical care providers in selecting appropriate non-pharmacologic interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on NAS/NOWS and non-pharmacologic interventions.
  • Application of the Ecology of Human Performance model to analyze feeding experiences.
  • Synthesis of findings to guide intervention selection.

Main Results:

  • Non-pharmacologic strategies can reduce or replace opioid needs in NAS/NOWS.
  • The Ecology of Human Performance model offers a structured approach to understanding feeding dysfunction.
  • Targeting feeding dysfunction is key to improving NAS/NOWS outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The Ecology of Human Performance model provides a valuable framework for managing NAS/NOWS feeding issues.
  • Structured assessment can optimize non-pharmacologic intervention choices for infants with NAS/NOWS.
  • Early intervention focusing on feeding is critical for infants experiencing NAS/NOWS.

Keywords:
Ecology of Human Performance modelFeedingNeonatal abstinenceWithdrawal

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