Plasmid size determines adsorption to clay and breakthrough in a saturated sand column

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a major factor in the spread of antibiotic resistant genes (ARG). Transformation, one mode of HGT, involves the acquisition and expression of extracellular DNA (eDNA). eDNA in soils is degraded rapidly by extracellular nucleases. However, if bound to a clay particle, eDNA can persist for long periods of time without losing its transformation ability. To better understand the mechanism of eDNA persistence in soil, this experiment assessed the effects of 1) clay mineralogy, 2) mixed salt solution, 3) plasmid size on DNA adsorption to clay and 4) breakthrough behavior of three differently sized plasmids in an environmentally relevant solution. Batch test methods were used to determine adsorption trends of three differently sized DNA plasmids, pUC19, pBR322, and pTYB21, to several pure clay minerals, goethite (α-FeOOH), illite, and kaolinite, and one environmental soil sample. Results show not all sorbents have equal adsorption capacity based on surface area with adsorption capacities decreasing from goethite > illite = kaolinite > bulk soil, and low ionic strength solutions will likely not significantly alter sorption trends. Additionally, plasmid DNA size (i.e., length) was shown to be a significant predictor of adsorption efficiency and that size affects DNA breakthrough, with breakthroughs occurring later with larger plasmids. Given that DNA persistence is linked to its adsorption to soil constituents and breakthrough, eDNA size is likely an important contributor to the spread of ARG within natural microbial communities.