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The Contractile Ring

The Contractile Ring

Contractile rings are composed of microfilaments and are responsible for separating the daughter cells during cytokinesis. Contractile ring assembly proceeds along with other cell cycle events; however, very few mechanistic details are known about the timing and coordination of the contractile rings with the cell cycle.
A small GTPase, RhoA, controls the function and assembly of the contractile ring. RhoA belongs to the Ras superfamily of proteins. The activation of formins by RhoA promotes...

Cross-bridge Cycle

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

Disassembly of Intermediate Filaments

Intermediate filaments (IFs) do not undergo spontaneous disassembly. Enzymes, kinases, and phosphatases add and remove phosphates from specific sites to regulate their disassembly. The IF concentration in the cytoplasm also regulates the disassembly. If the concentration crosses a threshold, it activates the protein kinases in the vicinity, allowing the phosphorylation of IFs.
Keratin proteins, found at the cell periphery near cell junctions, undergo a cycle of assembly and disassembly. In Type...

Separation of Sister Chromatids

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...

Anaphase Promoting Complex

Anaphase Promoting Complex

The stepwise destruction of specific proteins is necessary for the progression and completion of the cell cycle. Such proteins are ubiquitinated by ubiquitin ligases and then subsequently destroyed by the proteasome. The SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F-box) and the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) are two important ubiquitin ligases involved in cell cycle progression. While SCF is active throughout the cell cycle, APC gets activated during metaphase to anaphase transition. Cdc20 or Cdh1 binds to APC and...

The Sarcomere

The Sarcomere

A sarcomere is a microscopic segment repeating in a myofibril. The sarcomere fundamentally consists of two main myofilaments: thick filaments called myosin and thin filaments called actin. These filaments interact by sliding past each other in response to stimulus. In addition to myosin and actin, several other proteins, such as tropomyosin, troponin, titin, nebulin, myomesin, α-actinin, and dystrophin, play crucial roles in regulating, structuring, and functioning of the sarcomere.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Visualization of Cell Cycle Variations and Determination of Nucleation in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

Visualization of Cell Cycle Variations and Determination of Nucleation in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

Published on: February 24, 2017

Adducin Regulates Sarcomere Disassembly During Cardiomyocyte Mitosis.

Feng Xiao¹, Ngoc Uyen Nhi Nguyen¹, Ping Wang¹

¹Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (F.X., N.U.N.N., P.W., S.L., C.-C.H., S.T., W.K., X.L., N.T.L., I.M.-M., W.M.E., A.C.C., A.H.M.P., J.A.H., H.A.S.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.

|May 6, 2024

Summary

Adducin proteins regulate sarcomere disassembly in dividing cardiomyocytes. Phosphorylation of alpha-adducin induces neonatal cardiomyocyte sarcomere disassembly, a key process for cell division.

Keywords:

Irak4 adducin alpha-actinin cardiac proliferation sarcomere disassembly

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Visualization of Cell Cycle Variations and Determination of Nucleation in Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

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Published on: February 24, 2017

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

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Sarcomere Shortening of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes using Fluorescent-Tagged Sarcomere Proteins.

Sarcomere Shortening of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes using Fluorescent-Tagged Sarcomere Proteins.

Published on: March 3, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Cell Biology
Molecular Cardiology

Background:

Understanding cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation is crucial for developing therapies for cardiomyopathy.
Cardiomyocyte mitosis and sarcomere disassembly mechanisms remain poorly understood.
The process of sarcomere disassembly during cardiomyocyte division requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify novel regulators of sarcomere disassembly during cardiomyocyte mitosis.
To investigate the role of adducin proteins in cardiomyocyte cell cycle progression.
To explore therapeutic targets for enhancing cardiomyocyte regeneration.

Main Methods:

Proteomics screen to identify adducin as a sarcomere disassembly regulator.
Generation of adeno-associated virus and cardiomyocyte-specific genetic models.
In vitro and in vivo studies using neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes.

Main Results:

Adducin identified as a key regulator of sarcomere disassembly in mammalian cardiomyocyte mitosis.
Alpha/gamma-adducins are specifically expressed in neonatal mitotic cardiomyocytes.
Phosphorylation of alpha-adducin (Thr445/Thr480) strongly induces neonatal cardiomyocyte sarcomere disassembly.
Co-overexpression of alpha- and gamma-adducin leads to persistent sarcomere disassembly in adult mice via alpha-actinin interaction.

Conclusions:

Adducin plays a critical role in coordinating cytoskeletal changes during cardiomyocyte mitosis.
Identified a novel mechanism involving adducin phosphorylation and alpha-actinin interaction for sarcomere disassembly.
Findings provide insights into cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation and potential therapeutic strategies.