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Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

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The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
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Design Principles and Routes for Calcium Alkoxyaluminate Electrolytes.

Noel J Leon1,2, Stefan Ilic2,3, Xiaowei Xie2,4,5

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This summary is machine-generated.

New calcium ion battery electrolytes were synthesized using theory-aided design. Researchers found that cation-anion coordination in these electrolytes impacts Coulombic efficiency for better calcium ion battery performance.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Multivalent-ion batteries offer promising energy storage solutions.
  • Calcium ion batteries (CIBs) are attractive due to abundant resources, high energy density, and safety.
  • Limited room-temperature reversible calcium plating electrolytes exist, often using weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) with fluorinated alkoxides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel calcium-ion electrolyte salts using theory-aided design.
  • To synthesize and characterize new and existing calcium electrolyte salts.
  • To investigate the relationship between WCA structure and Coulombic efficiency in CIBs.

Main Methods:

  • One-pot synthesis of four calcium electrolyte salts: Ca[Al(tftb)4]2, Ca[Al(hftb)4]2, Ca[Al(hfip)4]2, and Ca[TPFA]2.
  • Analysis of the structural commonalities in WCAs, focusing on tetracoordinate aluminum/boron centers with fluorinated alkoxides.
  • Evaluation of Coulombic efficiency and its correlation with cation-anion coordination propensity.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of two new and two known calcium electrolyte salts.
  • Identification of fluorinated alkoxide-based WCAs as key components.
  • Demonstrated dependence of Coulombic efficiency on the degree of cation-anion coordination.

Conclusions:

  • Theory-aided design enables the creation of effective calcium-ion battery electrolytes.
  • Weakly coordinating anions with specific fluorinated alkoxide structures are crucial for reversible calcium plating.
  • Controlling cation-anion interactions is vital for optimizing Coulombic efficiency in calcium ion batteries.