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Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
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Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria01:19

Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria

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The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated solution of calcium sulfate significantly enhances the solubility of calcium sulfate. Le Châtelier's principle cannot predict this shift in the equilibrium. Instead, this could be explained in terms of changes in the effective concentration of the ions in solution in the presence of added inert salt.
In this solution, the primary...
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Solvating Effects02:12

Solvating Effects

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An understanding of the solvating effect helps rationalize the relation between solvation and acidity of the compound. In addition, this also explains the relative stability of conjugate bases for compounds with different pKa values. This lesson details, in-depth, the principle of solvating effects. The strength of an acid and the stability of its corresponding conjugate base are determined using pKa values. This observed relationship is a consequence of solvation, which is the interaction...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Solubility Equilibria: Overview01:09

Solubility Equilibria: Overview

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When a substance such as sodium chloride is added to water, it dissolves, forming an aqueous solution. The extent of dissolution is called solubility. The process of dissolution can exist in equilibrium, just like other chemical processes. Solubility equilibria are also called precipitation equilibria because the process of solubility can be reversible. The reverse of the solubility process is called precipitation.
Solubility is important in biological and environmental processes. A notable...
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Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Nonflammable Phosphate-Based Electrolyte for Safe and Stable Potassium Batteries Enabled by Optimized Solvation

Dianwei Zhang1, Hongwei Fu1, Xuemei Ma1

  • 1School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a novel, non-flammable electrolyte for potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). This advanced electrolyte enhances battery safety and longevity, offering superior electrochemical performance and extended cycle life for sustainable energy storage.

Keywords:
ElectrolytesInterface chemistryNon-flammabilityPotassium-ion batterySolvation effect

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Current potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) face limitations in safety and operational lifespan due to inadequate electrolyte solutions.
  • Developing stable and efficient electrolytes is crucial for advancing PIBs towards practical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and investigate an innovative, non-flammable electrolyte for enhanced potassium-ion battery performance.
  • To address the safety and lifetime challenges associated with existing PIBs.

Main Methods:

  • Formulation of a novel non-flammable electrolyte using an optimal moderate solvation phosphate-based solvent.
  • Electrochemical characterization of the electrolyte's properties, including ionic conductivity, viscosity, and oxidative stability.
  • Evaluation of electrode/electrolyte interphase formation on anode and cathode materials (iron-based Prussian blue analogues).

Main Results:

  • The developed electrolyte exhibits low salt concentration (0.6 M), low viscosity, high ionic conductivity, and high oxidative stability.
  • It promotes the formation of protective inorganic-rich anode interphases and robust cathode-electrolyte interphases, minimizing side reactions and Fe dissolution.
  • PIBs demonstrate exceptional durability: 80% capacity retention after 2,000 cycles at 4.2 V (coin cell) and 81% after 1,400 cycles at 1C (pouch cell).

Conclusions:

  • The novel phosphate-based electrolyte significantly improves the safety and electrochemical performance of potassium-ion batteries.
  • The electrolyte's ability to form stable interphases contributes to superior cycling stability and longevity.
  • This work paves the way for the development of safe, sustainable, and high-performance potassium-ion batteries.