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Related Concept Videos

Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

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Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
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Autobiographical memory is a unique type of episodic memory that involves recollecting personal life experiences. It allows individuals to remember significant events from their past, creating a narrative of their lives. One interesting phenomenon related to autobiographical memory is the reminiscence bump. This effect refers to the tendency of adults to recall more events from their second and third decades of life — typically between ages 10 to 30 — than from other periods. This...
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The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...
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Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

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Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
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Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Implicit Memories01:24

Implicit Memories

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Implicit memories, also known as non-declarative memories, are long-term memories that function outside of conscious awareness. These memories influence behavior and skills without explicit knowledge. This type of memory is evident in tasks like playing tennis, snowboarding, and texting. Implicit memory has three subsystems: procedural memory, conditioning, and priming. This type of memory is essential in various activities, from everyday tasks to specialized skills.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories
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Memory retrieval effects as a function of differences in phenomenal experience.

Austin H Schmidt1, C Brock Kirwan2,3,4

  • 1Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA.

Brain Imaging and Behavior
|May 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual differences in how people visualize or verbalize information impact brain activity during memory retrieval. This suggests cognitive styles influence neural patterns for recalling words and faces.

Keywords:
Cognitive styleExperienceIndividual differencesInternal representations questionnairePhenomenal experienceRecognition

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroimaging
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Conscious experience is typically singular, yet individual differences in phenomenal experience are known to affect behavior.
  • The influence of these subjective representational differences on memory processes remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how individual cognitive biases toward visual imagery or internal verbalization influence neural activity during memory encoding and retrieval.
  • To examine the relationship between these representational biases and memory performance for different stimulus types (faces and words).

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to scan 49 participants during memory encoding and recognition tasks.
  • Participants completed the Internal Representations Questionnaire (IRQ) to assess cognitive bias (Visual Imagery vs. Internal Verbalization).
  • Behavioral memory performance and fMRI activation patterns were analyzed in relation to individual cognitive bias scores.

Main Results:

  • No significant correlation was found between visual imagery/internal verbalization bias and overall memory performance.
  • fMRI revealed typical activation differences for faces versus words during encoding and retrieval.
  • At retrieval, a bias toward visualization correlated with memory-related activation in the inferior occipital gyri.
  • A crossover interaction showed visualization bias enhanced word retrieval activation, while verbalization bias enhanced face retrieval activation.

Conclusions:

  • Individual differences in cognitive representations (visualization vs. verbalization) are associated with distinct neural activation patterns during memory retrieval.
  • These representational biases may modulate the neural effort required for retrieving different types of stimuli.
  • The findings suggest that subjective cognitive styles can shape the neural underpinnings of memory retrieval performance.