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Fatigue

Fatigue

Fatigue occurs when materials rupture under repeated or fluctuating loads, even at stress levels far below their static breaking strength. It typically results in brittle failure, even for ductile materials. It is a critical consideration in designing machines and structural components subjected to repetitive or varying loads. The nature of these loadings can range from fluctuating loads like unbalanced pump impellers causing vibrations to repeatedly bending a thin steel rod wire back and forth...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2025

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

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Published on: January 11, 2019

Material Flow Analysis and Occupational Exposure Assessment in Additive Manufacturing End-of-Life Material

John D Chea¹, Gerardo J Ruiz-Mercado^2,3, Raymond L Smith²

¹Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Hosted by Office of Research & Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268, United States.

Environmental Science & Technology

|May 6, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study analyzes end-of-life (EoL) management for additive manufacturing (AM) materials in the US. Most AM EoL materials are incinerated or landfilled, posing occupational health risks that necessitate improved safety measures.

Keywords:

additive manufacturing end-of-life generic exposure assessment material flow analysis

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Environmental Science
Occupational Health

Background:

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly growing field with diverse industrial applications.
Current research on AM primarily focuses on manufacturing processes, neglecting end-of-life (EoL) management.
Effective EoL strategies are crucial for mitigating environmental releases and occupational health risks in the AM supply chain.

Purpose of the Study:

To conduct a material flow analysis of AM EoL materials in the US.
To identify potential environmental releases and occupational hazards associated with AM EoL management.
To provide insights for pollution prevention and worker safety strategies in the AM sector.

Main Methods:

Material flow analysis of AM EoL materials within the United States.
Quantitative assessment of material allocation (incineration, landfill, recycling).
Generic exposure scenario assessment to evaluate theoretical occupational hazards.

Main Results:

58% of AM EoL materials are incinerated, 33% landfilled, and 9% recycled by weight.
Significant potential for occupational hazards exists during AM EoL material management.
Key risks identified include exposure to potentially harmful substances during handling, processing, and disposal.

Conclusions:

Current AM EoL management practices in the US show a low recycling rate and high reliance on incineration and landfilling.
Ventilation and personal protective equipment (PPE) are critical for worker safety across all AM EoL management stages.
The study provides essential data for policymakers to develop targeted pollution prevention and worker safety strategies for the AM industry.