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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity01:21

Introduction to Innate and Adaptive Immunity

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The human immune system is a complex defense mechanism that protects the body from harmful pathogens and foreign substances. It comprises two crucial components: innate and adaptive immunity.
Innate immunity is the body's natural, nonspecific defense system that acts quickly to protect against pathogens. It incorporates physical barriers like skin and mucous membranes and cellular elements such as phagocytes and natural killer cells. This part of our immune system provides an immediate,...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
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Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

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Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
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PFAS Toxicity: What's True, What's Not, and What Really Matters.

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances alter innate immune function: evidence and data gaps.

Drake W Phelps1,2,3, Ashley M Connors1,2,3,4,5, Giuliano Ferrero1,2

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are widespread environmental contaminants. This review synthesizes current literature on PFASs' impact on innate immunity, revealing potential perturbations across species.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Toxicology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are prevalent, persistent environmental contaminants due to their widespread use in industrial processes and consumer products.
  • Existing reviews primarily focus on the adaptive immune system's response to PFASs, often overlooking impacts on innate immunity.
  • The persistence and ubiquity of PFASs necessitate a comprehensive understanding of their toxicological effects on all immune system components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current literature on the effects of PFASs on innate immunity in humans, experimental models, and wildlife.
  • To identify and discuss known mechanisms by which PFASs modulate innate immune function.
  • To highlight research gaps and provide recommendations for future studies on PFASs and immune health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications on PFASs and innate immunity.
  • Inclusion of data from human studies, experimental animal models, and wildlife exposure assessments.
  • Analysis of reported mechanisms of PFASs' immunomodulatory effects.

Main Results:

  • Data on PFASs' effects on innate immunity are often equivocal, indicating complex interactions.
  • PFAS exposure has been shown to perturb the innate immune system in various species.
  • Mechanisms include disruption of cellular signaling pathways, metabolic processes, and tissue-level effects.

Conclusions:

  • The innate immune system is susceptible to perturbation by PFAS exposure.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate common mechanisms and pathways of PFAS-induced innate immune toxicity.
  • Findings underscore the importance of considering innate immunity in PFAS risk assessment and management strategies for environmental and organismal health.