Trend in creatinine determining methods: Conventional methods to molecular-based methods.

Area of Science:

• Biomedical Engineering
• Analytical Chemistry
• Clinical Diagnostics

Background:

• Renal failure (RF) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality.
• Early diagnosis of RF is crucial for effective disease management and improved prognosis.
• Serum creatinine is a key biomarker for assessing kidney biofunction, typically measured using the Jaffe reaction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recently developed methods for measuring creatinine concentration.
• To evaluate advanced techniques for assessing renal biofunction.
• To highlight the need for accurate and sensitive creatinine detection methods.

Main Methods:

• Discussion of limitations of the traditional Jaffe reaction for creatinine detection (low accuracy, sensitivity, toxicity).
• Overview of advanced detection techniques including spectroscopic, electrochemical, and chromatographic approaches.
• Exploration of novel sensor platforms: enzyme-based, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and nanoparticles.

Main Results:

• Emerging sensors aim for high accuracy, optimal sensitivity, and acceptable linear ranges.
• Point-of-care testing (POCT) sensors are being developed for patient self-application.
• A molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensor demonstrated a wide linear range (5-1 mM) and a low detection limit (0.5 nM) with high resolution.

Conclusions:

• Advanced sensor technologies show promise for precise and sensitive creatinine detection.
• The development of user-friendly POCT devices is advancing kidney function monitoring.
• Molecularly imprinted electrochemiluminescence sensors represent a significant improvement in creatinine detection capabilities.