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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans
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Physical and social warmth.

Haavard Koppang1, Thorvald Harem1, Lewend Mayiwar1

  • 1Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, 6281, Norway.

Royal Society Open Science
|May 8, 2024
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Summary

Replicating a study on physical warmth perception, this research found no significant effect of holding a warm beverage on perceiving others as warmer. The embodiment effect

Keywords:
IPIP-IPCawarenessembodimentpersonalityself-regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Embodied Cognition

Background:

  • The concept of a
  • warm person
  • is central to social psychology, influencing interpersonal perceptions.
  • Previous research (Williams & Bargh, 2008) suggested physical warmth (holding a warm beverage) could lead to perceptions of psychological warmth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To replicate and extend findings on the link between physical and social warmth.
  • To investigate moderators: participant awareness, personality warmth, and target gender.
  • To assess the replicability and practical utility of the embodiment effect.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental design involving participants holding warm or cold beverages.
  • Manipulation of participant awareness, personality assessment, and target person's gender.
  • Statistical analysis to test for main and moderating effects.

Main Results:

  • No significant main effect of physical warmth on social warmth perception was found.
  • Limited evidence for the proposed moderating variables (awareness, personality, gender).
  • The embodiment effect demonstrated poor replicability in this study.

Conclusions:

  • The direct link between physical warmth and perceptions of psychological warmth is not robust.
  • The embodiment effect is challenging to replicate consistently, limiting practical applications.
  • Further research is needed to understand the nuances of embodied cognition and social perception.