Flexural pulse wave velocity in blood vessels

Arteriosclerosis is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and results in arterial vessel stiffening. Velocity estimation of the pulse wave sent by the heart and propagating into the arteries is a widely accepted biomarker. This symmetrical pulse wave propagates at a speed which is related to the Young's modulus through the Moens Korteweg (MK) equation. Recently, an antisymmetric flexural wave has been observed in vivo. Unlike the symmetrical wave, it is highly dispersive. This property offers promising applications for monitoring arterial stiffness and early detection of atheromatous plaque. However, as far as it is known, no equivalent of the MK equation exists for flexural pulse waves. To bridge this gap, a beam based theory was developed, and approximate analytical solutions were reached. An experiment in soft polymer artery phantoms was built to observe the dispersion of flexural waves. A good agreement was found between the analytical expression derived from beam theory and experiments. Moreover, numerical simulations validated wave speed dependence on the elastic and geometric parameters at low frequencies. Clinical applications, such as arterial age estimation and arterial pressure measurement, are foreseen.