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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Continuous Flow Synthesis of Functional Isocyanate-Free Poly(oxazolidone)s by Step-Growth Polymerization.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Green Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Flow chemistry offers advantages like speed, safety, and scalability for polymer production.
  • Step-growth polymerization (SGP) is less explored in flow chemistry due to inherent limitations.
  • Nonisocyanate polyurethanes, such as CO2-based poly(oxazolidone)s, are an emerging class of polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the facile and fast preparation of CO2-based poly(oxazolidone)s using SGP in continuous flow reactors.
  • To showcase the synthesis of functional poly(oxazolidone)s through a telescoped flow process.
  • To highlight the potential of flow technology for continuous functional polymer production via SGP.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized continuous flow reactors for step-growth polymerization.
  • Employed a telescoped flow module combining SGP with subsequent polymer derivatization.
  • Integrated dehydration and cationic thiol-ene reactions in a sequential flow process.

Main Results:

  • Achieved facile and fast preparation of CO2-based poly(oxazolidone)s via SGP in flow.
  • Successfully synthesized functional poly(oxazolidone)s through a continuous, multi-step flow process.
  • Produced functional polymers at high rates and functionalization degrees without intermediate isolation.

Conclusions:

  • Flow chemistry is highly effective for the continuous production of nonisocyanate polyurethanes.
  • Telescoped flow synthesis enables efficient production of functional polymers from SGP.
  • This approach demonstrates significant potential for advancing continuous functional polymer manufacturing.