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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Cells and Tissue01:30

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Bones contain a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of organic and inorganic components. Although bone cells compose only a small amount of the bone volume, they are crucial to its function. Four types of cells are found within the bone tissue— osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteogenic cells, and osteoclasts.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

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The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Osteoclast Derivation from Mouse Bone Marrow
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Understanding osteokine biology.

Mone Zaidi1, Samir Zaidi2, Tony Yuen1

  • 1Center for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Cell Metabolism
|May 8, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored bone-derived osteokines, which are key to whole-body balance. They discovered new osteokines and their functions in aging and mechanical stress using integrated methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Bone functions as an endocrine organ regulating whole-body homeostasis.
  • The specific roles and identities of bone-derived osteokines are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discover novel osteokines.
  • To determine the cellular origin and target sites of these osteokines.
  • To investigate the involvement of osteokines in aging and response to mechanical stress.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of experimental and computational approaches.
  • Discovery of new osteokines.
  • Characterization of osteokine cell of origin and target site.
  • Analysis of osteokine function in aging models.
  • Assessment of osteokine response to mechanical loading.

Main Results:

  • Identification of previously unknown osteokines.
  • Elucidation of their specific cellular sources within bone.
  • Determination of their target tissues or cells.
  • Insights into their modulatory roles during aging.
  • Understanding their involvement in the bone's response to mechanical stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • Bone-derived osteokines play significant roles in systemic regulation.
  • This study expands the known repertoire of osteokines.
  • Osteokines are implicated in age-related bone changes and mechanical adaptation.