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Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral Regurgitation I: Introduction

Mitral regurgitation is characterized by the backward circulation of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole, a phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart contracts and pumps blood out of the chambers. This abnormal flow occurs primarily due to the dysfunction of the mitral valve or its supporting structures, which include the mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, annulus, and papillary muscles.Etiology and Mechanisms:Primary Mitral Regurgitation: This type arises from...

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Mitral Regurgitation III: Medical Management

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is characterized by retrograde blood circulation from the left ventricle into the left atrium due to inadequate mitral valve closure. The severity of the condition, symptoms, and underlying cause determine treatment strategies.Monitoring and Pharmacological TreatmentPatients with mild to moderate MR typically do not need immediate intervention but regular monitoring to assess progression and guide treatment. Patients with mild MR should have an echocardiogram every 3-5...

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

Aortic Regurgitation I: Introduction

IntroductionAortic regurgitation is characterized by the backward flow of blood from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole and arises from the improper closure of the aortic valve. This condition results in left ventricular volume overload and can stem from both acute and chronic etiologies, each contributing uniquely to the disease's progression and symptomatology.Acute and Chronic CausesAcute aortic regurgitation often results from events that suddenly impair the integrity of the...

Aortic Regurgitation III: Medical Management

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Aortic regurgitation (AR) is when the aortic valve does not close or seal properly, leading to backward blood circulation from the aorta into the left ventricle during diastole. Common causes of AR include rheumatic heart disease, congenital valve defects, and aortic root dilation. Managing AR requires a multifaceted approach to alleviate symptoms, preserve left ventricular function, and address the underlying cause of the regurgitation. Patients with symptomatic AR or significant left...

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...

Cardiomyopathy III: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

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Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy without ventricular dilation. It is more common in men and is typically diagnosed in young, athletic adults.EtiologyHCM is primarily genetic and is caused by mutations in genes encoding sarcomeric proteins. Researchers have identified over 1400 mutations across at least 11 different genes. Among these, the most frequently occurring mutations are found in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Myocardial Infarction and Functional Outcome Assessment in Pigs

Published on: April 25, 2014

Ventricular Septal Rupture After Myocardial Infarction: JACC Focus Seminar 3/5.

Roberto J Cubeddu¹, Roberto Lorusso², Daniele Ronco³

¹Division of Cardiology, Section for Structural Heart Disease, Naples Comprehensive Health Rooney Heart Institute, Naples Comprehensive Health Healthcare System, Naples, Florida, USA; Igor Palacios Fellows Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology

|May 8, 2024

Summary

Ventricular septal rupture after heart attack is complex but treatable. New transcatheter methods and heart team approaches improve outcomes for patients with cardiogenic shock.

Keywords:

cardiogenic shock heart transplantation myocardial infarction percutaneous closure ventricular septal rupture

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Permanent Ligation of the Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery in Mice: A Model of Post-myocardial Infarction Remodelling and Heart Failure

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Generation and Characterization of Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction Induced by Permanent Ligation of the Right Coronary Artery in Mice

Generation and Characterization of Right Ventricular Myocardial Infarction Induced by Permanent Ligation of the Right Coronary Artery in Mice

Published on: February 1, 2022

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Cardiovascular Surgery
Interventional Cardiology

Background:

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a severe complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI).
While less frequent post-thrombolytic therapy, VSR still carries high mortality, often linked to refractory cardiogenic shock.
Surgical repair, though effective, has significant perioperative risks.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current and emerging strategies for managing VSR post-MI.
To highlight the role of less invasive transcatheter closure and mechanical circulatory support.
To emphasize the importance of multimodality imaging and a heart team approach.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on VSR management.
Discussion of transcatheter closure techniques and percutaneous mechanical circulatory support.
Emphasis on multimodality imaging for anatomical assessment.
Exploration of the heart team approach for treatment timing and strategy.
Consideration of advanced options like heart transplantation and palliative care.

Main Results:

Transcatheter closure offers a less invasive alternative to surgery, especially in cardiogenic shock.
Percutaneous mechanical circulatory support aids in stabilizing patients and preserving organ function.
Multimodality imaging guides the selection of the optimal repair strategy.
A heart team approach optimizes treatment timing and patient selection for various interventions.
Deferred treatment and palliative care are considered for specific patient groups.

Conclusions:

Transcatheter closure and mechanical circulatory support represent significant advancements in VSR management.
A multidisciplinary heart team approach is crucial for personalized VSR treatment.
Comprehensive imaging and consideration of advanced/palliative options improve patient outcomes.