Dual single atomic Ni sites constructing Janus hollow graphene for boosting electrochemical sensing of glucose

Single atom catalysts (SACs) have attracted attention due to their excellent catalysis activity under specific reactions and conditions. However, the low density of SACs greatly limits catalytic performance. The three-dimensional graphene hollow nanospheres (GHSs) with very thin shell structure can be used as excellent carrier materials. Not only can its outer surface be used to anchor metal single atoms, but its inner surface can also provide rich sites. Here, a novel step-by-step assembly strategy is reported to anchor nickel single atoms (Ni SAs) on the inner and outer surfaces of GHSs (Ni SAs/GHSs/Ni SAs), which significantly increases the loading capacity of Ni SAs (4.8 wt%). Compared to conventional materials that only anchor Ni SAs to the outer surface of the carrier (Ni SAs/GHSs), Ni SAs/GHSs/Ni SAs exhibits significantly higher electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation in alkaline media. The sensitivity of Ni SAs/GHSs/Ni SAs/GCE is nearly five times higher than that of Ni SAs/GHSs/GCE. Moreover, the sensor based on Ni SAs/GHSs/Ni SAs can detect glucose in a wide concentration range of 0.8 µM-1.1244 mM with a low detection limit of 0.19 µM (S/N = 3). This study not only provides an effective sensing material for glucose detection, but also opens a new avenue to construct high-density metal SACs.