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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum01:26

Muscles of the Pelvic Floor and Perineum

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The muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum are crucial for supporting the pelvic organs, controlling continence, and aiding in sexual function, childbirth, and core stability. They are typically divided into the superficial perineal layer and the deep pelvic floor layer.
Perineal Layer
The perineum is a diamond-shaped area below the pelvic diaphragm, divided into an anterior urogenital triangle that contains the external genitals and a posterior anal triangle housing the anus. The urogenital...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Disorders of the Urinary System01:20

Disorders of the Urinary System

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The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...
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Penis01:29

Penis

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The penis serves a dual role in sexual reproduction and urination. It consists of three main regions: the glans penis, the body, and the root, each with distinct functions and unique anatomical features.
Anatomy of the Penis
The glans penis, or the head, is the terminal part of the penis and houses the external urethral orifice, the exit point for urine and semen. Covered by the prepuce, or foreskin, the glans is noted for its sensitivity and plays a key role in sexual pleasure. The body of the...
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Uterus and Cervix01:18

Uterus and Cervix

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The uterus, commonly called the womb, is a vital reproductive organ in females designed to provide a nurturing environment for the implantation and growth of an embryo. It is shaped like a hollow pear and positioned between the urinary bladder and the rectum. The uterus's structure allows it to support and protect a developing fetus throughout pregnancy.
The uterus is securely anchored within the pelvic cavity by paired broad ligaments on either side. It is further stabilized by three pairs...
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Histology of the Uterus01:19

Histology of the Uterus

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The uterine wall consists of three histological layers: the perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium. The outermost perimetrium is a thin, serous membrane connected with the broad ligament on the sides, which helps anchor the uterus in the pelvic cavity. The thickest layer, myometrium, is mainly made up of smooth muscle tissue bundles. Its contractions are vital in facilitating the expulsion of the uterine lining, fetus, and placenta during menstruation and childbirth.
The endometrium is the...
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Retropubic versus transobturator slings: Medium-term satisfaction and overactive bladder outcomes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
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Structural, functional, and dysfunctional pelvic anatomy.

Bernard Liedl1, Giuseppe Dodi2, Hiromi Inoue3

  • 1Centre for Reconstructive Urogenital Surgery, Urology Clinic Munich, Planegg, Germany.

Annals of Translational Medicine
|May 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary tract symptoms stem from collagen loss in ligaments. Strengthening these ligaments, particularly through collagen-promoting techniques, can effectively treat these common conditions in women.

Keywords:
Pelvic organ prolapsecollagenligamentslower urinary tract symptoms surgery (LUTS surgery)pelvic floor muscles

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Isolation and Characterization of the Murine Uterosacral Ligaments and Pelvic Floor Organs
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Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System
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Anogenital Distance and Perineal Measurements of the Pelvic Organ Prolapse POP Quantification System

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Quantification of Levator Ani Hiatus Enlargement by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Males and Females with Pelvic Organ Prolapse
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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • The Integral Theory posits a holistic interaction between pelvic muscles and ligaments for organ support.
  • The vagina, while structurally weak, plays a crucial role in transmitting muscle forces for continence and evacuation.
  • Ligaments are the primary structural support for pelvic organs and are susceptible to injury and weakening.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the structural basis of pelvic organ support according to Integral Theory.
  • To identify collagen loss as the primary cause of organ prolapse and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  • To advocate for conservative management and collagen-restoring techniques for pelvic floor dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Holistic analysis of the interaction between four main pelvic muscles and five main pelvic ligaments.
  • Examination of the biomechanical role of the vagina in supporting pelvic organs.
  • Review of collagen degradation in ligaments due to childbirth and menopause.

Main Results:

  • Collagen loss in pelvic ligaments is identified as the principal cause of organ prolapse and LUTS.
  • Weakened ligaments, exacerbated by childbirth and menopause, lead to pelvic floor dysfunction.
  • The vagina's supportive capacity is contingent on muscle forces, not inherent strength.

Conclusions:

  • The vagina should be conserved due to its inability to regenerate.
  • Strengthening damaged ligaments, surgically or non-surgically, can improve or resolve prolapse and LUTS.
  • Collagen-creating techniques, such as neoligament formation with tapes or specific sutures, are recommended to address ligamentous weakness.