Underactive bladder, Fowler's syndrome are potentially curable by uterosacral ligament repair

Underactive bladder (UAB) is essentially an inability of the bladder to properly empty. UAB symptoms, when they co-occur with posterior fornix syndrome (PFS) symptoms (urge, frequency, nocturia, chronic pelvic pain), can be cured/improved, surgically by uterosacral ligament (USL) repair, non-surgically, by devices which give mechanical support of the USLs or strengthening pelvic muscle and ligaments with squatting-based exercises. The pathogenic pathway from weak USLs to UAB (and PFS) is that, when the muscles which externally open the posterior wall of the urethra contract against lax USLs, their contractile force weakens, and they cannot open the urethra adequately. The detrusor then contracts against a relatively unopened urethra to cause obstructive symptoms (i.e., UAB) such as slow stream, intermittent stream (stopping and starting), hesitancy (difficulty starting), feeling of incomplete emptying, and post-micturition dribble. Co-occurrence of PFS symptoms indicates that UAB may be part of the PFS, with USL causation, which can be tested by a tampon or probe in the posterior fornix. If the emptying (and other) PFS symptoms improve, it is a sign that UAB, and Fowler's syndrome (FS) can potentially be cured or improved by USL repair. Following USL repair, many studies have recorded very significant improvement in emptying symptoms, and objective tests, for example, postvoid residual (PVR), decreased natural bladder volume, and decreased emptying time. FS and UAB are most likely a part of the PFS and, therefore, potentially curable by USL repair.