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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking
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The relationship between objective and subjective executive function in Parkinson's disease.

Molly Split1, Celina Pluim McDowell2, Francesca V Lopez3

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
|May 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

In Parkinson's disease (PD), subjective and objective executive functioning (EF) are related, though fatigue significantly impacts self-awareness of EF deficits. Understanding these discrepancies is key for effective clinical assessment.

Keywords:
Parkinson’s diseaseexecutive functioningfatigueobjective cognitive impairmentsubjective cognitive impairment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Executive functioning (EF) difficulties are prevalent in Parkinson's disease (PD).
  • The correlation between subjective self-reported EF (SEF) and objective EF (OEF) in PD remains unclear.
  • Clarifying this relationship is crucial for improving EF assessments in clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between SEF and OEF in individuals with PD.
  • To identify predictors of discrepancies between SEF and OEF.
  • To explore factors associated with under-reporting and over-reporting of EF abilities.

Main Methods:

  • 116 non-demented PD participants completed OEF (problem-solving, flexibility, inhibition, working memory) and SEF measures.
  • Statistical analyses included Pearson correlations and linear regressions.
  • Exploratory analyses examined correlates of under-, over-, and accurate reporting.

Main Results:

  • A significant association was found between SEF complaints and worse OEF (β=.200, p=.009).
  • 64% of participants accurately reported their OEF abilities; 28% under-reported, and 8% over-reported.
  • Fatigue was the strongest predictor of EF discrepancies (β=.281, p=.022), alongside education, depression, and anxiety.

Conclusions:

  • Subjective and objective EF are significantly related in PD.
  • Fatigue, depression, anxiety, and education level influence the accuracy of self-reported EF.
  • Clinical EF assessments in PD should consider non-motor symptoms like fatigue and anxiety.