High plasma homocysteine levels predict the progression from mild cognitive impairment to dementia

High levels of blood homocysteine (HCy), a well-known cardiovascular risk factor and promoter of oxidative stress, have been associated with the incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia. Nonetheless, contrasting data are still present on its involvement in the progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to overt dementia. In this study we aimed to observe whether blood HCy level are associated with the evolution from MCI, divided into amnestic MCI (aMCI) and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI), to dementia. Blood HCy was measured in 311 MCI subjects (aMCI: 64%, naMCI: 36%) followed-up for a median of 33 months (range 10-155 months). At follow-up, 137 individuals converted to dementia (naMCI, n = 34; aMCI, n = 103). Based on HCy distribution, subjects in the highest tertile had a greater risk to convert to dementia compared to tertile I (Hazard Ratio (95% confidence interval): 2.25 (1.05-4.86); p = 0.04). aMCI subjects did not show increased risk to convert to dementia with increasing HCy concentration, but was significant in naMCI (p = 0.04). We observed a non-significant increase in the risk of progression to dementia from naMCI/low HCy (reference group, HCy cutoff value = 16 μmol/L) to naMCI/high HCy, but it was significant from aMCI/low HCy (HR: 2.73; 95%CI: 1.06-7.0; p:0.03), to aMCI/high HCy (HR: 3.24; 95%CI: 1.17-8.47; p:0.02). Our results suggest that HCy levels are associated with the progression from MCI to dementia. This association seems significant only for the naMCI group, indirectly supporting the notion that hyperhomocysteinemia damages the nervous system through its role as a vascular risk factor.