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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
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The Retina-Based Visual Cycle.

Shinya Sato1, Vladimir J Kefalov1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute-Center for Translational Vision Research, University of California, Irvine, California, USA; email: shinyas1@hs.uci.edu, vkefalov@uci.edu.

Annual Review of Vision Science
|May 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vertebrate photoreceptors need visual pigment regeneration. A second, cone-specific retina visual cycle involving Müller glial cells supports cone vision alongside the RPE visual cycle.

Keywords:
Müller cellcone visual pigmentsdark adaptationretinoidsvisual chromophorevisual cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Vertebrate photoreceptor function relies on visual pigment regeneration after light-induced photobleaching.
  • The RPE visual cycle, involving retinal pigmented epithelium cells, supplies chromophores for rod rhodopsin regeneration.
  • Cone pigment regeneration is supported by both the RPE visual cycle and a distinct retina visual cycle.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical discovery of the retina visual cycle.
  • To discuss the molecular components and reactions of the retina visual cycle.
  • To elucidate the functional role of the retina visual cycle in cone-mediated vision.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical data.
  • Biochemical analysis of visual pigment regeneration pathways.
  • Functional studies on cone vision.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports two pathways for cone pigment regeneration: the canonical RPE visual cycle and a cone-specific retina visual cycle.
  • The retina visual cycle involves Müller glial cells in the neural retina.
  • This dual-pathway system is crucial for maintaining cone function.

Conclusions:

  • The retina visual cycle is a critical pathway for cone vision.
  • Understanding this cycle provides insights into photoreceptor physiology and potential therapeutic targets.