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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Fabricating High-viscosity Droplets using Microfluidic Capillary Device with Phase-inversion Co-flow Structure
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Phase-separated droplets swim to their dissolution.

Etienne Jambon-Puillet1,2, Andrea Testa1, Charlotta Lorenz1,3

  • 1Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.

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Biological condensates, like membraneless organelles, can move along chemical gradients. This "dialytaxis" behavior, observed in bovine serum albumin droplets, could inspire new cell transport mechanisms and micro-robots.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Biological macromolecules can form liquid condensates, crucial for membraneless organelles in cells.
  • The physical consequences of chemical activity within these condensates are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the movement of biological condensates along chemical gradients.
  • To explore the phenomenon of active and passive droplets responding to chemical environments.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized model bovine serum albumin (BSA) condensates.
  • Incorporated urease enzyme into active droplets.
  • Applied external gradients of enzyme substrate and products to passive droplets.

Main Results:

  • Active BSA droplets containing urease exhibited self-propulsion towards each other.
  • Passive BSA droplets displayed varied responses to chemical gradients.
  • All studied droplets moved towards conditions that promoted their dissolution, a phenomenon termed 'dialytaxis'.

Conclusions:

  • Dialytaxis is driven by gradients in interfacial tension, a consequence of dissolution-favoring conditions.
  • This behavior is expected to be a general physical principle applicable to various condensates.
  • Findings suggest novel physical mechanisms for active transport in cells and potential for designing fluid micro-robots.