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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

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Systematic epigenome editing captures the context-dependent instructive function of chromatin modifications.

Cristina Policarpi1, Marzia Munafò1, Stylianos Tsagkris1

  • 1Epigenetics and Neurobiology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Rome, Italy.

Nature Genetics
|May 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new epigenome editing platform to precisely program chromatin modifications. This tool reveals how specific epigenetic marks, like H3K4me3, causally control gene expression and how DNA sequences influence these effects.

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Gene Regulation
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Chromatin modifications regulate gene expression patterns.
  • The causal role and context-dependent effects of these modifications on transcription are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a modular epigenome editing platform for precise programming of chromatin modifications.
  • To systematically quantify the transcriptional responses to specific chromatin modifications at single-cell resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a modular epigenome editing platform capable of programming nine key chromatin modifications or combinations.
  • Coupling the platform with single-cell readouts to measure transcriptional responses.
  • Analysis of DNA sequence motif influences on chromatin mark effects.

Main Results:

  • Histone H3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) at promoters causally instructs transcription by remodeling the chromatin landscape.
  • DNA sequence motifs were found to modulate the transcriptional impact of chromatin marks, showing switch-like and attenuative effects.
  • Combinatorial targeting of H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) and H2AK119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119ub) maximized gene silencing.

Conclusions:

  • The precision-perturbation strategy elucidates causal principles of chromatin modification-driven transcription.
  • Quantitative transcriptional responses are calibrated by contextual interactions between chromatin marks and DNA sequences.