Nasal mucosal fibroblasts produce IL-4 to induce Th2 response

Th2 polarization is essential for the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). Th2 polarization's mechanism requires further understanding. IL-4 is the primary cytokine involved in Th2 response. Fibroblasts play a role in immune regulation. This study aims to elucidate the role of nasal mucosal fibroblast-derived IL-4 in the induction of Th2 responses. Nasal mucosal tissues were obtained from surgically removed samples from patients with nasal polyps, whether with or without AR. Fibroblasts were isolated from the tissues by flow cytometry cell sorting, and analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNAseq). The data from RNAseq showed that nasal fibroblasts expressed genes of GATA3, CD80, CD83, CD86, STAT6, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL13 and costimulatory factor. The data were verified by RT-qPCR. The level of gene activity was positively correlated with those of AR-related cytokines present in nasal secretions. Nasal fibroblasts release IL-4 upon activation. Nasal fibroblasts had the ability to transform naive CD4⁺ T cells into Th2 cells, which can be eliminated by inhibiting IL-4 receptor or CD28 in CD4⁺ T cells. To sum up, nasal mucosal fibroblasts produce IL-4, which can induce Th2 cell development. The data implicate that nasal fibroblasts are involved in the pathogenesis of nasal allergy.