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Outcomes of New York City Care Calls: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Effectiveness Trial of Telephone-Delivered
Jeffrey S Gonzalez1,2,3,4, Claire J Hoogendoorn1,2, Clyde B Schechter4,5
1Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York.
Purpose:
The purpose of the 12-month randomized controlled trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of a Telephonic Self-Management Support (T-SMS) program among adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Methods:
Eight hundred twelve adults with T2D participated in NYC Care Calls (mean age = 59.2, SD = 10.8; female = 57%; mean A1C = 9.3, SD = 1.8; Latino = 86%) and were randomly assigned to T-SMS or enhanced usual care (EUC). A1C (primary outcome), blood pressure, and body mass index (secondary outcomes) were extracted from electronic medical records. Secondary patient-reported outcomes, including depressive symptoms, diabetes distress, medication adherence, and self-management activities, were assessed by telephone in English or Spanish. For T-SMS, the number of assigned phone calls was based on baseline A1C, depressive symptoms, and/or diabetes distress. Analyses were conducted under the intention-to-treat principle.
Results:
A1C decreased over 12 months in both T-SMS (0.72% percentage points; 95% CI, 0.53-0.91) and EUC (0.66% percentage points; 95% CI, 0.46-0.85; Ps < .001). Diabetes distress and self-management also improved over time in both arms (Ps < .05). Compared to EUC, participants in the T-SMS arm did not differ in outcomes.
Conclusions:
The T-SMS and EUC groups were found not to have an appreciable outcome difference. It is unclear whether improvements in A1C across both conditions represent a secular trend or indicate that print-based educational intervention may have a positive impact on self-management and well-being.
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