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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint
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Tissue Collection and RNA Extraction from the Human Osteoarthritic Knee Joint

Published on: July 22, 2021

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Joint line and knee osteotomy.

Andrea Pratobevera1, Romain Seil2,3,2, Jacques Menetrey4,5

  • 1Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.

EFORT Open Reviews
|May 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Knee osteotomy requires careful surgical planning regarding frontal plane joint line orientation. While double-level osteotomy is valid for severe deformities, patient selection needs more than just predicted joint line obliquity (JLO) and medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA).

Keywords:
double level osteotomyfrontal planejoint line orientationknee osteotomyknee phenotypes

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Knee joint kinematics

Background:

  • Frontal plane joint line orientation significantly impacts knee forces and kinematics.
  • Accurate assessment of coronal alignment and knee phenotypes is vital in surgical planning.
  • Angles like medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and joint line convergence angle (JLCA) are key considerations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between knee osteotomy and frontal plane joint line orientation.
  • To highlight the importance of joint line orientation in knee biomechanics.
  • To discuss patient selection criteria for osteotomy, particularly double-level osteotomy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on knee osteotomy and joint line orientation.
  • Analysis of biomechanical principles influencing knee forces and kinematics.
  • Evaluation of surgical planning parameters and patient selection factors.

Main Results:

  • Joint line orientation is dynamic and influences knee forces and kinematics.
  • Double-level osteotomy is a viable option for severe knee deformities.
  • Patient selection for osteotomy should not rely solely on predicted joint line obliquity (JLO) and MPTA.

Conclusions:

  • Surgical planning for knee osteotomy must meticulously consider frontal plane joint line orientation.
  • Double-level osteotomy offers a solution for complex deformities, but requires comprehensive patient assessment.
  • Optimizing surgical outcomes necessitates a nuanced approach to patient selection beyond specific angular measurements.