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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.

Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

Published on: December 6, 2021

Multivariate Bayesian Optimization of CoO Nanoparticles for CO₂ Hydrogenation Catalysis.

Lanja R Karadaghi¹, Emily M Williamson¹, Anh T To²

¹Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|May 10, 2024

Summary

Developing advanced catalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) hydrogenation is key for renewable fuels. This study optimized cobalt oxide (CoO) nanoparticles using Bayesian optimization, achieving superior CO2 conversion and methane selectivity.

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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Area of Science:

Catalysis
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

CO2 hydrogenation is crucial for renewable fuels and chemicals.
Developing selective and robust catalysts remains a significant challenge.
Cobalt oxide (CoO) catalysts show promise, but performance depends on crystal phase and morphology.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically control CoO nanoparticle synthesis for optimized catalytic performance.
To map the synthetic design space for colloidal CoO nanoparticles.
To optimize nanoparticles for multiple catalytically relevant features within a target crystalline phase.

Main Methods:

Multivariate Bayesian optimization coupled with a data-driven classifier.
Colloidal nanoparticle synthesis for precise control over CoO attributes.
Characterization and assessment of CoO/SiO2 catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.

Main Results:

Optimized synthesis yielded small, phase-pure rock salt CoO nanoparticles with uniform size and shape.
The optimized CoO/SiO2 catalyst demonstrated higher activity and ~98% CH4 selectivity for CO2 hydrogenation.
Optimized catalysts showed enhanced stability against sintering and carbon occlusion.

Conclusions:

Bayesian optimization effectively navigates complex nanoparticle synthesis for tailored catalyst design.
Optimized CoO nanoparticles offer a promising pathway for efficient CO2 conversion to methane.
Catalyst stability and surface coverage are critical factors for high performance in CO2 hydrogenation.