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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Concept Development and Use of an Automated Food Intake and Eating Behavior Assessment Method
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The Intuitive Eating Scale-3: Development and psychometric evaluation.

Tracy L Tylka1, Christophe Maïano2, Matthew Fuller-Tyszkiewicz3

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.

Appetite
|May 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new 12-item Intuitive Eating Scale-3 (IES-3) was developed to address limitations of the previous measure. The IES-3 shows strong psychometric properties and validity in U.S. adults for assessing intuitive eating behaviors.

Keywords:
Bifactor modelingExploratory structural equation modelingIntuitive eatingPsychometricsScale development

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Nutrition Science
  • Psychometrics

Background:

  • Intuitive eating promotes well-being and protects against disordered eating.
  • The Intuitive Eating Scale-2 (IES-2) has methodological, conceptual, and psychometric limitations.
  • A refined measure is needed to accurately assess intuitive eating.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate the 12-item Intuitive Eating Scale-3 (IES-3).
  • To evaluate the IES-3's psychometric properties, including factorial validity, reliability, and measurement invariance.
  • To assess the IES-3's validity by examining its associations with related constructs.

Main Methods:

  • Three online studies (N = 2,893) with U.S. community adults.
  • Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA, ESEM, bifactor-CFA, bifactor-ESEM) to determine factorial structure.
  • Measurement invariance testing across samples, time, and demographic variables (age, BMI, gender).

Main Results:

  • A 12-item, 4-factor structure emerged, best represented by a bifactor-ESEM model with a global intuitive eating factor.
  • The IES-3 demonstrated temporal stability, full measurement invariance, and lack of measurement bias across demographic groups.
  • The IES-3 exhibited strong reliability and validity, with expected associations with disordered eating, embodiment, body image, well-being, and distress.

Conclusions:

  • The 12-item IES-3 is a psychometrically sound measure for assessing intuitive eating in U.S. adults.
  • The IES-3 overcomes previous limitations, offering a more robust assessment of intuitive eating.
  • Future research should validate the IES-3 in diverse cultural and social identity groups.