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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Pathophysiology of Peptic Ulcer Disease: Injurious Factors

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Peptic ulcers are sores on the stomach's inner lining and the upper small intestine, which are the result of disruptions in the mucosal layer that houses parietal cells which produce gastric acid, and chief cells which secrete pepsinogen.
In the antrum region, G cells secrete the gastrin hormone that binds to gastrin-cholecystokinin-B (CCK2) receptors on parietal and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the fundic glands. Simultaneously, the vagus nerve releases acetylcholine, which binds...
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Secreted Aspartic Proteinases: Key Factors in Candida Infections and Host-Pathogen Interactions.

Grazyna Bras1, Dorota Satala1, Magdalena Juszczak1,2

  • 1Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|May 11, 2024
PubMed
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Secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) are vital for Candida virulence, aiding nutrient acquisition, host defense evasion, and antifungal resistance. Targeting Saps offers new strategies for diagnosing and treating candidiasis.

Keywords:
CandidaSapscandidiasisprotein degradationproteinasesproteolysisvirulence

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Extracellular proteases are critical virulence factors in pathogenic *Candida* species.
  • Secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) are extensively studied for their roles in fungal pathogenesis.
  • These enzymes facilitate nutrient acquisition and host tissue damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review the diverse roles of secreted aspartic proteases (Saps) in *Candida* infections.
  • To discuss the implications of Saps in biofilm formation, tissue invasion, and immune modulation.
  • To explore diagnostic and therapeutic strategies targeting Saps.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on secreted aspartic proteases in *Candida*.
  • Analysis of studies detailing Sap functions in virulence and host interactions.
  • Examination of research on Saps as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Main Results:

  • Saps are crucial for biofilm development and invasion by degrading host matrix proteins and coagulation factors.
  • These proteases impair neutrophil and macrophage functions, modulating host immune responses.
  • Saps contribute to antifungal drug resistance and present diagnostic challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Secreted aspartic proteases play a central role in *Candida* pathogenicity, impacting multiple host systems.
  • Saps represent promising targets for novel diagnostic biomarkers and adjunctive therapies for candidiasis.
  • A multidisciplinary approach is essential for developing innovative interventions against *Candida* infections.