Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
3.0K
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

893
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
893
Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

2.7K
Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
2.7K
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

8.5K
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
8.5K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

22.6K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
22.6K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

7.0K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
7.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Targeting the Gut-Heart Axis in Atherosclerosis: Microbial Metabolites, Molecular Mechanisms, and Precision Therapeutics.

Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins·2026
Same author

Perceptions and barriers to dietary fiber intake among middle-aged south Indian women: A qualitative study.

PLOS global public health·2026
Same author

Humanized Antibodies Targeting Ectodomains of IL-6R and GP130 Suppress IL-6/STAT3 Signalling and Tumour Growth in Breast Cancer Models.

Journal of cellular and molecular medicine·2026
Same author

Proteogenomic Analysis of <i>CDPK1</i> Mutant in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>.

Omics : a journal of integrative biology·2026
Same author

Triglyceride-glucose-based indices in relation to vitamin D concentrations among adults with metabolic syndrome.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Cluster randomized trial of reablement strategies targeting sarcopenia (ReStart-S) in long-term care settings.

The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
06:07

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

Published on: August 5, 2022

2.6K

DNA methyltransferase isoforms regulate endothelial cell exosome proteome composition.

Sampara Vasishta1, Shruthi Ammankallu2, Shashikiran Umakanth3

  • 1Department of Ageing Research, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.

Biochimie
|May 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals how DNA methylation influences exosome protein content, impacting endothelial cell function and contributing to vascular dysfunction. Understanding these epigenetic changes offers new avenues for managing vascular complications.

Keywords:
DNA methylationExosomesProteomicsVascular complications

More Related Videos

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

9.7K
In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing
10:44

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Published on: May 5, 2023

1.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors
06:07

Continuous Fluorescence-Based Endonuclease-Coupled DNA Methylation Assay to Screen for DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors

Published on: August 5, 2022

2.6K
Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images

Published on: September 7, 2017

9.7K
In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing
10:44

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing

Published on: May 5, 2023

1.4K

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Vascular disorders involve DNA methylation-based epigenetic reprogramming in endothelial cells, leading to endothelial dysfunction (ED).
  • Exosomes released during ED have altered proteomes, contributing to vascular complications.
  • The epigenetic regulation of exosome proteome composition remains largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of DNA methylation on exosome proteome composition.
  • To determine how these epigenetically modified exosomes affect endothelial cell (EC) function.

Main Methods:

  • Overexpression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) isoforms (DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B) in endothelial cells using lentivirus.
  • Isolation and characterization of exosomes from DNMT-overexpressing cells and treated mice plasma.
  • Proteomics analysis (TMT labeling) of exosomes.
  • In vitro 3D spheroid assay to assess EC function.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes derived from DNMT-overexpressing cells enhanced pro-angiogenic activity, an effect reversed by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine.
  • Exosome proteome and post-translational modifications (PTMs) were significantly modulated, affecting vascular homeostasis, metabolism, and inflammation.
  • DNMT1 and DNMT3A overexpression led to elevated exosomal DNMT1 and TGF-β1, indicating epigenetic regulation, and exosomes induced ED by reducing phospho-eNOS.
  • DNMT3B overexpression did not yield similar results.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation epigenetically regulates exosome protein composition and function.
  • Epigenetically altered exosomes contribute to endothelial dysfunction and vascular complications.
  • This research identifies novel epigenetically regulated exosome proteins relevant for managing vascular diseases.