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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

395
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
395
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

414
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
414
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

757
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
757
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

620
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
620
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

1.0K
Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
1.0K
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

212
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 26, 2025

Blocking Lymph Flow by Suturing Afferent Lymphatic Vessels in Mice
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Anesthesia-induced Lymphatic Dysfunction.

Randal O Dull1, Robert G Hahn2, Gabriella E Dull3

  • 1Departments of Anesthesiology, Pathology, and Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.

Anesthesiology
|May 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

General anesthetics impair lymphatic pumping, causing fluid to shift from plasma to tissues. This anesthesia-induced lymphatic dysfunction necessitates greater fluid administration in patients and hinders recovery from bleeding.

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Physiology
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • General anesthetics disrupt normal fluid distribution between plasma and extravascular spaces.
  • This maldistribution is primarily due to anesthesia's effect on lymphatic pumping.
  • Anesthesia impairs the transvascular refill response, a critical compensatory mechanism during bleeding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how general anesthetics affect fluid distribution.
  • To elucidate the role of lymphatic pumping in anesthesia-related fluid shifts.
  • To explore potential interventions to counteract anesthesia-induced lymphatic dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Macroscopic fluid kinetics studies comparing awake and anesthetized patients.
  • Analysis of fluid shifts between plasma and interstitial spaces.
  • Assessment of lymph flow dynamics under anesthetic conditions.

Main Results:

  • Anesthesia significantly reduces lymph flow, potentially increasing interstitial fluid volume fivefold relative to plasma volume.
  • Anesthesia-induced lymphatic dysfunction explains increased fluid requirements beyond measurable losses.
  • Anesthesia blunts compensatory fluid refill during hemorrhage due to lymphatic inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Anesthesia-induced lymphatic dysfunction is a significant factor in perioperative fluid management.
  • Understanding these fluid shifts is crucial for optimizing patient hydration and recovery.
  • Catecholamines and specific fluid therapies may help mitigate anesthesia-related lymphatic impairment.